Clinical profile, treatment, and outcomes of patients with COVID-19 in a tertiary referral hospital in South Sumatera, Indonesia: A retrospective single-center study
PDF
XML

Keywords

COVID-19
clinical profile
mortality
biomarkers
medical records
logistic models
Indonesia

How to Cite

Marteka, D., Malik, A., Faustine, I., & Syafhan, N. F. (2022). Clinical profile, treatment, and outcomes of patients with COVID-19 in a tertiary referral hospital in South Sumatera, Indonesia: A retrospective single-center study. Belitung Nursing Journal, 8(6), 529–537. https://doi.org/10.33546/bnj.2302
Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar

Link to Google Scholar

Funder - Crossref Registry

Accepted for publication: 2022-11-10
Peer reviewed: Yes

Related articles in


Search Relations - Article by Author(s)

Share this article on:

Abstract

Background: Although there are fewer COVID-19 cases in Indonesia, the pandemic is still ongoing. COVID-19 has a significant death rate in Indonesia, but lack of information on the effect of different clinical and demographic factors on COVID-19-related grimness and mortality in Indonesia.

Objective: This study examined the clinical profile, treatment, and outcomes of patients with COVID-19 at Lahat Regency Hospital in South Sumatera, Indonesia, to find relevant markers that might be utilized to predict the prognosis of these patients.

Methods: This was a retrospective single-center study of all medical record files of confirmed patients with COVID-19 admitted to Lahat Hospital from September 2020 to August 2021 (n = 285). Descriptive statistics, Chi-square, Mann-Whitney, Multiple Logistic Regression, and Cox's proportional hazards model were used for data analyses.

Results: This study included 65 non-hospitalized and 220 hospitalized patients. Hospitalized patients were divided into dead and alive groups. The median age was lower in the non-hospitalized group without gender discrimination, and most hospitalized patients had comorbidities. Vital signs and clinical features were significantly different in hospitalized patients compared to non-hospitalized. The survival patients in the hospitalized group showed lower white blood cell (WBC), neutrophil percentages, and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) but higher lymphocyte and eosinophil. Non-survival patients had elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, blood glucose, and potassium. The use of Favipiravir and Remdesivir was significant between the alive and dead groups. The mean hospital stay for all patients was 9.49 ± 4.77 days, while the median duration of hospital time was 10.73 ± 4.33 days in the survival group and 5.39 ± 3.78 days in the non-survival group. Multiple logistic regression analysis determined respiration rate, WBC, and BUN as predictors of survival.

Conclusions: Age and comorbidities are significant elements impacting the seriousness of COVID-19. Abnormal signs in laboratory markers can be used as early warning and prognostic signs to prevent severity and death. Potential biomarkers at various degrees in patients with COVID-19 may also aid healthcare professionals in providing precision medicine and nursing.

https://doi.org/10.33546/bnj.2302
PDF
XML

Supporting Agencies

Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education / LPDP (20200411021593) for master study. Recipient: Deli Marteka.

Copyright

Copyright (c) 2022 Deli Marteka, Amarila Malik, Ingrid Faustine, Nadia Farhanah Syafhan

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Article Metrics

Total views 261 [Abstract: 109 | PDF: 152 | XML: 0 ]

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

PlumX Metrics

Declaration of Conflicting Interest

None.

Acknowledgment

We are grateful to the healthcare workers who looked after the patients with COVID-19 at the RSUD Lahat hospital and provided the medical record data.

Authors’ Contributions

Conceived and designed the research: AM and NFS; Performed the research: DM and IF; Analyzed the data: DM and NFS; Wrote the manuscript: DM, AM, IF, and NFS; and Final Approval: DM, AM, IF, and NFS. All authors met the authorship criteria.

Data Availability

Datasets are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.


References

Al Houri, H. N., Al-Tarcheh, H., Zahra, E., Al-Tarcheh, A., Armashi, H., & Alhalabi, M. (2022). Clinical characteristics and prognosis of COVID-19 patients in Syria: A cross-sectional multicenter study. Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 78, 103816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2022.103816

Ashktorab, H., Pizuorno, A., Adeleye, F., Laiyemo, A., Dalivand, M. M., Aduli, F., Sherif, Z. A., Oskrochi, G., Angesom, K., & Oppong-Twene, P. (2022). Symptomatic, clinical and biomarker associations for mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients enriched for African Americans. BMC Infectious Diseases, 22(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-022-07520-1

Bairwa, M., Kumar, R., Beniwal, K., Kalita, D., & Bahurupi, Y. (2021). Hematological profile and biochemical markers of COVID-19 non-survivors: A retrospective analysis. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 11, 100770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100770

Bonanad, C., García-Blas, S., Tarazona-Santabalbina, F., Sanchis, J., Bertomeu-González, V., Facila, L., Ariza, A., Nunez, J., & Cordero, A. (2020). The effect of age on mortality in patients with COVID-19: A meta-analysis with 611,583 subjects. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 21(7), 915-918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2020.05.045

Borzouei, S., Mohammadian-Khoshnoud, M., Omidi, T., Bashirian, S., Bahreini, F., Heidarimoghadam, R., & Khazaei, S. (2021). Predictors of COVID-19 related death in diabetes patients: A case-control study in Iran. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 15(4), 102149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2021.05.022

Burhan, E., Susanto, A. D., Nasution, S. A., Ginanjar, E., Pitoyo, C. W., Susilo, A., Firdaus, I., Santoso, A., Juzar, D. A., & Arif, S. K. (2020). COVID-19 treatment protocol [in Bahasa] (1st ed.). Jakarta: Ministry of Health.

Chedid, M., Waked, R., Haddad, E., Chetata, N., Saliba, G., & Choucair, J. (2021). Antibiotics in treatment of COVID-19 complications: a review of frequency, indications, and efficacy. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 14(5), 570-576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2021.02.001

Cheng, A., Hu, L., Wang, Y., Huang, L., Zhao, L., Zhang, C., Liu, X., Xu, R., Liu, F., & Li, J. (2020). Diagnostic performance of initial blood urea nitrogen combined with D-dimer levels for predicting in-hospital mortality in COVID-19 patients. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 56(3), 106110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106110

COVID-19 Response Acceleration Task Force. (n.d.). COVID-19 mapping [in Bahasa]. https://covid19.go.id/id/peta-sebaran

Damiati, L. A., Bahlas, S., Aljohaney, A., Bawazir, Y., Mustafa, M., Denetiu, I., & Pushparaj, P. N. (2022). Implications of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the clinical, hematological, and inflammatory parameters in COVID-19 patients: A retrospective cross-sectional study. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 15(2), 214-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2021.12.013

Faustine, I., Malik, A., Andrajati, R., & Wanandi, S. I. (2021). Clinical characteristics and severity profile of COVID-19 patient with hypertension in Palu, Central Sulawesi. Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy/Majalah Farmasi Indonesia, 32(4), 563–572. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijp.2729

Hu, J., & Wang, Y. (2021). The clinical characteristics and risk factors of severe COVID-19. Gerontology, 67(3), 255-266. https://doi.org/10.1159/000513400

Ikram, A. S., & Pillay, S. (2022). Admission vital signs as predictors of COVID-19 mortality: A retrospective cross-sectional study. BMC Emergency Medicine, 22(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12873-022-00631-7

Ke, C., Xiao, J., Wang, Z., Yu, C., Yang, C., & Hu, Z. (2021). Characteristics of patients with kidney injury associated with COVID-19. International Immunopharmacology, 96, 107794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107794

Kreutmair, S., Kauffmann, M., Unger, S., Ingelfinger, F., Núñez, N. G., Alberti, C., De Feo, D., Krishnarajah, S., Friebel, E., & Ulutekin, C. (2022). Preexisting comorbidities shape the immune response associated with severe COVID-19. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 150(2), 312-324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2022.05.019

Liu, Y.-M., Xie, J., Chen, M.-M., Zhang, X., Cheng, X., Li, H., Zhou, F., Qin, J.-J., Lei, F., & Chen, Z. (2021). Kidney function indicators predict adverse outcomes of COVID-19. Med, 2(1), 38-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medj.2020.09.001

Lozano, M., Iftimi, A., Briz-Redon, A., Peiró, J., Manyes, L., Otero, M., Ballester, M., de las Marinas, M. D., Catalá, J. C., & de Andrés, J. (2022). Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 hospitalized patients associated with mortality: A cohort study in Spain. Infectious Medicine, 1(2), 81-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imj.2022.04.002

Pereira, D. N., Bicalho, M. A. C., de Oliveira Jorge, A., dos Reis Gomes, A. G., Schwarzbold, A. V., Araújo, A. L. H., Cimini, C. C. R., Ponce, D., Rios, D. R. A., & Grizende, G. M. S. (2022). Neurological manifestations by sex and age group in COVID-19 inhospital patients. Eneurologicalsci, 28, 100419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensci.2022.100419

Pimentel, M. A. F., Redfern, O. C., Hatch, R., Young, J. D., Tarassenko, L., & Watkinson, P. J. (2020). Trajectories of vital signs in patients with COVID-19. Resuscitation, 156, 99-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.09.002

Pogoy, J. M., & Cutamora, J. C. (2021). Lived experiences of Overseas Filipino Worker (OFW) nurses working in COVID-19 intensive care units. Belitung Nursing Journal, 7(3), 186-194. https://doi.org/10.33546/bnj.1427

Pouw, N., van de Maat, J., Veerman, K., Ten Oever, J., Janssen, N., Abbink, E., Reijers, M., de Mast, Q., Hoefsloot, W., & van Crevel, R. (2021). Clinical characteristics and outcomes of 952 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in The Netherlands: A retrospective cohort study. PloS One, 16(3), e0248713. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248713

Qu, J., Zhu, H.-H., Huang, X.-J., He, G.-F., Liu, J.-Y., Huang, J.-J., Chen, Y., Qu, Q., Wu, Y.-L., & Chen, X.-Y. (2021). Abnormal indexes of liver and kidney injury markers predict severity in COVID-19 patients. Infection and Drug Resistance, 14, 3029-3040. https://doi.org/10.2147%2FIDR.S321915

Rahman, S. M. A., Kabir, A., Abdullah, A. B. M., Alam, M. B., Azad, K. A. K., Miah, M. T., Mowla, S. G. M., Deb, S. R., Amin, M. R., & Asaduzzaman, M. (2022). Safety and efficacy of favipiravir for the management of COVID-19 patients: A randomized control trial. Clinical Infection in Practice, 100145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinpr.2022.100145

Rehatta, N. M., Chandra, S., Sari, D., Lestari, M. I., Senapathi, T. G. A., Nurdin, H., Wirabuana, B., Pramodana, B., Pradhana, A. P., & Isngadi, I. (2022). Comorbidities and COVID-19 status influence the survival rate of geriatric patients in intensive care units: A prospective cohort study from the Indonesian Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy. BMC Geriatrics, 22(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-022-03227-9

Samprathi, M., & Jayashree, M. (2021). Biomarkers in COVID-19: An up-to-date review. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 8, 607647. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2020.607647

Setianegari, Y., Kurniaty, L., Luhulima, D. E. J., Utomo, B. S. R., Langi, L. A., Arodes, E. S., Wiyanto, M., Suarthana, E., & Wahyuningsih, R. (2022). Factors associated with death and ICU referral among COVID-19 patients hospitalized in the secondary referral academic hospital in East Jakarta, Indonesia. Journal of Clinical Virology Plus, 2(2), 100068. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcvp.2022.100068

Tiruneh, S. A., Tesema, Z. T., Azanaw, M. M., & Angaw, D. A. (2021). The effect of age on the incidence of COVID-19 complications: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Systematic Reviews, 10(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-021-01636-2

WHO Solidarity Trial Consortium. (2022). Remdesivir and three other drugs for hospitalised patients with COVID-19: Final results of the WHO Solidarity randomised trial and updated meta-analyses. The Lancet, 399(10339), 1941-1953. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00519-0

Zhang, J.-j., Dong, X., Liu, G.-h., & Gao, Y.-d. (2022). Risk and protective factors for COVID-19 morbidity, severity, and mortality. Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-022-08921-5

Zhu, B., Feng, X., Jiang, C., Mi, S., Yang, L., Zhao, Z., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, L. (2021). Correlation between white blood cell count at admission and mortality in COVID-19 patients: A retrospective study. BMC Infectious Diseases, 21(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06277-3


Readers are able to give us their valuable feedbacks here. The comments will be reviewed by the editors and then published here. Important Note: The "Comments" related to the Galley Proof PDF must NOT be submitted via this form. Authors should submit their comments on their galley proofs only via system