Journal of Healthcare Administration
https://www.belitungraya.org/BRP/index.php/joha
<p><em>Journal of Healthcare Administration (JOHA)</em> provides a venue for healthcare administrators, practitioners, and scholars to publish their works related to healthcare administration, management, ethics, policy, and leadership. <em>JOHA</em> welcomes submissions of original research, review article, letter to editors, and editorials</p> <p>Journal Abbreviation: J Healthc Adm<br />Journal Initial: JOHA<br />DOI Prefix: <a href="https://search.crossref.org/?q=+2830-3407&from_ui=yes">10.33546/joha</a><br />Subject areas: Health Professions (general; miscellaneous), Multidisciplinary, Health Policy, Leadership & Management</p> <p>Journal publisher, owner, & sponsor: <a href="https://www.belitungraya.org">Belitung Raya Foundation, Indonesia</a><br />Peer-review type: Double blind<br />Publication frequency: 2 issues per year<br />Author fee: Free for submission & publication<br />E-ISSN: <a href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/ISSN/2830-3407" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2830-3407</a> | P-ISSN: <a href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/ISSN/2830-3733" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2830-3733</a></p> <p><em>JOHA</em> is a peer-reviewed open-access journal, conforming fully to the <a href="http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read">The Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI) </a> and <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/guide/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">DOAJ Open Access Definition.</a> <br /><em>Authors share their work without restrictions. Readers access all content for free.</em></p>Belitung Raya Foundation, Indonesiaen-USJournal of Healthcare Administration2830-3733<div class="unselectable"> <p><em>JOHA</em> uses a creative common license, especially <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License,</a> which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non‑commercially as long as the original work is properly cited. The new creations are not necessarily licensed under the identical terms. The creative commons licensing information is clearly displayed in all full-text article formats, both HTML and PDF.</p> <p><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"><em>The licensing description below is copied from Creative Commons Website:</em></a></p> <h2><span class="cc-license-title">Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International</span> <span class="cc-license-identifier">(CC BY-NC 4.0)</span></h2> <h3>You are free to:</h3> <ul> <li class="license share"><strong>Share</strong> — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format</li> <li class="license remix"><strong>Adapt</strong> — remix, transform, and build upon the material</li> </ul> The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.</div> <h3> </h3> <h3>Under the following terms:</h3> <ul> <li class="license by"><strong>Attribution</strong> — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.<span id="by-more-container"></span></li> <li class="license nc"><strong>NonCommercial</strong> — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.<span id="nc-more-container"></span></li> <li class="license"><strong>No additional restrictions</strong> — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.</li> </ul>Tradition meets controversy: Ida Dayak’s phenomenon and its implications in healing practice and healthcare policy
https://www.belitungraya.org/BRP/index.php/joha/article/view/2821
<p>N/A</p>Joko Gunawan
Copyright (c) 2023 Joko Gunawan
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2023-12-132023-12-1322869110.33546/joha.2821Exploring the key aspects shaping traditional therapy adoption for stroke treatment: An ethnographic inquiry
https://www.belitungraya.org/BRP/index.php/joha/article/view/2743
<p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Background:</strong> Traditional therapy is commonly utilized for stroke treatment in various communities, including Indonesia. However, there is limited knowledge about the aspects influencing the adoption of traditional medicine for stroke in Indonesia.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Objective:</strong> This study aimed to explore the key aspects contributing to the traditional therapy adoption for stroke treatment in Banjarmasin, Indonesia.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Methods:</strong> An ethnographic approach was employed, involving seven key informants who were family members of stroke patients. Purposive sampling was used to select the informants. Data were collected through observations, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions from December 2018 to February 2019 in Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Content analysis was utilized for data analysis.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Findings:</strong> The study developed seven themes that affected the adoption of traditional therapy for stroke treatment: 1) Role of social media, 2) Desire for recovery and perceived benefits, 3) Economic considerations, 4) Psychological factors and self-motivation, 5) Health insurance and access to healthcare facilities, 6) Cultural influences: Culture, traditions, and community beliefs, and 7) Support from others and therapy logistics.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Conclusion:</strong><span style="font-weight: 400;"> This study provides important insights into the essential aspects that influence the adoption of traditional therapy for stroke treatment in Indonesia. The findings highlight the need for healthcare policies and practices to consider these aspects to optimize the use of traditional treatment and enhance stroke management outcomes. However, further research is necessary to expand upon these findings, fostering a more comprehensive understanding of the adoption of traditional therapy in stroke treatment.</span></p>Agianto AgiantoAinun KamilahRismia Agustina
Copyright (c) 2023 Agianto Agianto, Ainun Kamilah, Rismia Agustina
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2023-12-132023-12-13229210210.33546/joha.2743Understanding the issues and challenges in the implementation of nursing services in primary health care: A qualitative study in Garut, West Java, Indonesia
https://www.belitungraya.org/BRP/index.php/joha/article/view/2828
<p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Background:</strong> Primary healthcare centers provide a wide range of healthcare services, with nurses playing pivotal roles in maintaining the quality of care. To enhance nurse performance, it is essential to gain insights into their experiences regarding the implementation of nursing services in these institutions.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Objective:</strong> This study aimed to explore the issues and challenges related to nursing services in primary health care centers through the perspectives of Indonesian nurses.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Methods:</strong> Qualitative research using a phenomenological approach was conducted. Twelve nurses from primary health care centers were purposively selected as study participants. Data were collected through face-to-face, semi-structured interviews between January 2022 and March 2022. Thematic analysis was employed for data analysis.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Results:</strong> The analysis yielded five main themes: 1) Working with additional roles and duties, 2) Uncertainty regarding nurses’ roles and functions, 3) Nurses' concerns about the nursing profession, 4) Barriers to implementing nursing services, and 5) Nurses' expectations concerning nursing services.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Conclusion:</strong><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Nurses in primary health care centers face challenges in fully carrying out nursing services. Numerous issues and obstacles exist in the provision of nursing services at primary healthcare facilities. Therefore, it is essential to strengthen the authority and autonomy of nurses working in primary health care settings.</span></p>Iwan WahyudiJunaiti SaharHanny HandiyaniDian Ayubi
Copyright (c) 2023 Iwan Wahyudi, Junaiti Sahar, Hanny Handiyani, Dian Ayubi
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2023-12-132023-12-132210311510.33546/joha.2828Behind the curtain: A narrative inquiry into nurses’ working experience in the COVID-19 referral facility in Southern Philippines
https://www.belitungraya.org/BRP/index.php/joha/article/view/2843
<p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Background</strong>: During the global spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, nurses emerged as the forefront responders, directly confronting the outbreak and risking their well-being to provide essential care to patients afflicted by the virus. However, there is a lack of studies focusing on Filipino nurses’ working experiences.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Objective:</strong> This study explored nurses’ working experiences in a COVID-19 referral facility in Lanao del Sur, Southern Philippines.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Methods</strong>: A qualitative narrative inquiry design was employed. A semi-structured interview was used in the study to evaluate the nurses’ experiences at the COVID-19 referral center during the early stages of the pandemic. Data were collected from April to May 2022. A thematic analysis process was used for data analysis.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Results</strong>: Three main themes were generated: 1) Working in a COVID-19 referral facility is not a matter of choice, skills mastery, or readiness, 2) Actual experience of working in the COVID-19 referral facility can be both physically and psychologically exhausting, but it brings about self-fulfillment, and 3) Social support and non-scientific sources of support can assist nurses in coping with difficulty and stress associated with working the COVID-19 facility.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Conclusion</strong><span style="font-weight: 400;">: Getting through the pandemic was not easy. This study lifted the curtain that has been kept closed from the eyes of the general public for more than two years. Despite nurses being seen as resilient towards their job, it exposed their vulnerable sides that they never talked about. </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">It also helped us grasp what it meant for nurses who worked tirelessly in the COVID-19 isolation area, a task that only a few nurses took on. These findings can provide insights for healthcare leaders on how to help nurses during tough times.</span></p>Norhanisa D. RangaigAshley A. Bangcola
Copyright (c) 2023 Norhanisa D. Rangaig, Ashley A. Bangcola
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2023-12-132023-12-132211613110.33546/joha.2843Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on household income generation and food consumption in Gwagwalada, Abuja, Nigeria: A comparative study of formal and informal sector workers
https://www.belitungraya.org/BRP/index.php/joha/article/view/2897
<p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Background:</strong> At the beginning of 2020, Nigeria grappled with a severe outbreak of the global COVID-19 pandemic. This deadly disease significantly impacted various aspects of the country’s economy, leading to socio-economic challenges primarily attributed to daily increases in reported cases and the subsequent enforcement of lockdown measures. Gwagwalada Area Council in Abuja, Nigeria, was not exempt from the devastating consequences of this epidemic, particularly concerning income generation and food access for its residents. Although several studies have examined the impact of COVID-19 on Nigerian workers, little information exists regarding the differing effects on formal and informal sector workers.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Objective:</strong> This study aimed to investigate the disparities in the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic’s lockdown on household income generation and food consumption among formal and informal sector workers in Gwagwalada Area Council, Abuja, Nigeria.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Methods:</strong> A descriptive survey design was employed for this study. Three hundred and thirty-two completed questionnaires were collected and analyzed. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, which included simple percentages and means and independent sample <em>t</em>-tests.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Results:</strong> A significant difference was revealed in the impact of the lockdown between formal and informal sector workers (<em>p</em> <0.001). The lockdown impacted substantially on the informal sector workers more than the formal sector counterparts.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Conclusion:</strong><span style="font-weight: 400;"> The study found that informal sector workers suffered a greater negative impact from the COVID-19 lockdown in Gwagwalada compared to formal sector workers. Therefore, it is recommended that the government provide substantial loans and grants with low or no interest rates to support informal sector business owners, mitigating the effects of the COVID lockdown and creating job opportunities for those affected by the government’s lockdown measures. Additionally, introducing price control mechanisms to ensure affordable food prices is essential, even after the conclusion of the pandemic.</span></p>Chima PaulYusuf LawalJoseph Malachy
Copyright (c) 2023 Chima Paul, Yusuf Lawal, Joseph Malachy
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2023-12-132023-12-132213214510.33546/joha.2897Anxiety among student nurses in the Philippines: A gender and year-level analysis and its contributing factors in the COVID-19 context
https://www.belitungraya.org/BRP/index.php/joha/article/view/2744
<p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Background:</strong> The shift to online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic has raised concerns and heightened anxiety levels, especially among student nurses adapting to academic and clinical challenges.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Objective:</strong> This study aimed to assess the anxiety levels of student nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic, examining gender and year-level differences and identifying contributing factors.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Methods:</strong> A quantitative descriptive research design was employed, involving 305 student nurses from Levels 1 to 4, selected using proportionate stratified and systematic random sampling at a Philippine nursing school. Data were collected in March 2022 using the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and a self-made questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistics, including frequencies, percentages, means, Independent <em>t</em>-tests, and ANOVA, were utilized with a significance level of 0.05.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Results:</strong> The mean anxiety level among student nurses was 1.61, significantly differing by year level and gender (<em>p</em> <0.05). The most contributing factor of anxiety was ‘the adjustments to make with the sudden change of face-to-face classes to online or distance learning mode’ (90.16%), while the least factor was ‘lack of financial sources'<em> </em>(46.23%).</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Conclusion:</strong><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Student nurses had moderate anxiety levels, with gender and year level as significant contributing factors. Female student nurses experienced higher anxiety levels than males, and lower-level students experienced greater anxiety than their higher-level counterparts. Various factors, including academic, social, financial, and perceived health risk-related factors, affected student nurses’ anxiety levels, with academic-related factors having the most significant impact and financial-related factors having the least impact.</span></p>Florence L. PulidoRichelle Faith D. CayabyabAllura Xandra M. AdversaloAlyssa V. BaylonAubrey N. CentenoAea Jainey G. DizonMarc Andrei L. FormosoAlexis Angel P. HernandoEric Jon Luis B. JucutanJustine Anthonell G. MaltuDaniel Joy R. PiaChaste Priel T. SallyAngeline Ysabelle R. Tulagan
Copyright (c) 2023 Florence L. Pulido, Richelle Faith D. Cayabyab, Allura Xandra M. Adversalo, Alyssa V. Baylon, Aubrey N. Centeno, Aea Jainey G. Dizon, Marc Andrei L. Formoso, Alexis Angel P. Hernando, Eric Jon Luis B. Jucutan, Justine Anthonell G. Maltu, Daniel Joy R. Pia, Chaste Priel T. Sally, Angeline Ysabelle R. Tulagan
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2023-12-132023-12-132214616010.33546/joha.2744Patients’ perceptions of quality health services delivery in Tanzania: Engendering gaps for policy action
https://www.belitungraya.org/BRP/index.php/joha/article/view/2948
<p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Background:</strong> Patients’ perceptions drive healthcare quality globally. Therefore, understanding their views on professionalism and satisfaction is crucial. A patient-centric approach is essential, offering insights into meeting their needs and expectations.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Objective:</strong> This study aimed to determine patients’ perception of the quality of health service provision in Tanzanian zonal referral hospitals.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Methods:</strong> The study employed a cross-sectional design in four zonal referral hospitals in Tanzania. Data were collected using a questionnaire survey from 376 participants conveniently selected from May to June 2023. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 26 for descriptive analysis and one-way ANOVA.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Results:</strong> The proficiency of care and health workers’ ability to instill trust and confidence in patients and their ability and willingness to provide services accurately and reliably influenced patients’ perceptions. Furthermore, personalized attention, workers’ appearance, physical facilities, and other working materials increased patients’ ratings of the health service delivery.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion:</strong><span style="font-weight: 400;"> The proficiency of care, promptness, and accuracy of service delivery are essential components in health service provision that can influence patients’ ratings. Therefore, policymakers, government, and other stakeholders should train health workers continuously to improve their competencies while ensuring the entire health system is effectively monitored.</span></p>Emmanuel L. Tandika
Copyright (c) 2023 Emmanuel L. Tandika
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2023-12-132023-12-132216117510.33546/joha.2948The nutritional knowledge of nurses working at the medical college hospital in the northern district of Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study
https://www.belitungraya.org/BRP/index.php/joha/article/view/2983
<p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Background:</strong> Nutrition significantly impacts disease prevention and patient recovery. As healthcare providers across various health sectors, nurses often have the opportunity to offer dietary guidance to patients. However, there is a dearth of studies in the literature that assess nurses’ nutritional knowledge in Bangladesh.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Objective:</strong> This study aimed to determine the nutritional knowledge of nurses employed at a tertiary-level medical college hospital in the Dinajpur district of Bangladesh.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Methods:</strong> An observational descriptive cross-sectional study design was employed, with 109 staff nurses completing a self-administered questionnaire. This questionnaire covered demographic characteristics, work-related information, and 20 multiple-choice questions (MCQs) aimed at assessing nurses’ nutrition knowledge. Data were collected between April and May 2022. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, chi-square (χ2) tests, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Results:</strong> The average score of nutrition knowledge was 63.4% (SD = 13.94) for all nurses, falling within the low to moderate range. Nurses with a Bachelor’s degree in nursing (22.2%) and 11 - 15 years of work experience (14.7%) demonstrated a very good level of nutrition knowledge. Education level (χ2 = 18.659; <em>p</em> <0.05) and work experience (χ2 = 22.356; <em>p</em> <0.01) significantly influenced knowledge levels. Most nurses sought nutritional advice from less than 25% of patients, with doctors/physicians being the most common source of nutrition information provided by nurses.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Conclusion:</strong><span style="font-weight: 400;"> The average nutritional knowledge score of Bangladeshi nurses was low to moderate. Education level and length of work experience significantly impacted knowledge levels. Therefore, it is recommended that effective ongoing nutrition education programs, nursing curriculum reforms, and in-service training are crucial to enhancing nurses’ nutritional knowledge.</span></p>Md. Sajib Al RezaMd. Abdur RahimMd. Abul Kalam AzadVivekananda BiswasAbdur RahmanMd. Al AminNargis AkterHabiba Benta HasanSenjuti Sharif Adrita
Copyright (c) 2023 Md. Sajib Al Reza, Md. Abdur Rahim, Md. Abul Kalam Azad, Vivekananda Biswas, Abdur Rahman, Md. Al Amin, Nargis Akter, Habiba Benta Hasan, Senjuti Sharif Adrita
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2023-12-132023-12-132217619010.33546/joha.2983Exploring the professional development needs of nurse educators in Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional survey
https://www.belitungraya.org/BRP/index.php/joha/article/view/3020
<p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Background:</strong> Professional development for nurse educators is essential to ensure that nursing students receive high-quality education and can provide effective patient care. However, nurse educators in Saudi Arabia encounter numerous challenges, emphasizing the need for tailored career development opportunities.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Objective:</strong> This study aimed to identify the professional development needs of nurse educators within Saudi university nursing programs.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Methods:</strong> A quantitative cross-sectional survey was employed in April 2023, involving 121 nurse educators selected through convenience sampling. The study consisted of nursing colleges and departments at 15 government-operated Saudi universities. Data were collected on April 2023 through questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics and correlational analysis.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Results:</strong> Among participants, 45 (37.2%) had 6 to 10 years of teaching experience. Evaluating learning (76.9%) was the most frequently identified Professional Faculty Development Need in teaching skills. Writing articles and abstracts (73.6%) were commonly identified in scholarly development, while presentation software for teaching (79.3%) dominated technology use development. The most preferred method for taking a development program was 1–2-hour sessions (81%). Significant differences in professional needs based on years of academic experience and academic rank were observed (<em>p</em> <0.05).</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Conclusion:</strong><span style="font-weight: 400;"> The study identified various terms related to nurse educators’ perceived development needs. Educator development and educational specialists must consider both overlapping and unique requirements of different health science schools in planning professional development. Crucial skills highlighted in the study include cross-cultural teaching strategies, course design, large group teaching, conflict management, negotiation, and team-building for administrative work and career development.</span></p>Mai Salem AlharsanAmal Ismael Abdelhafez
Copyright (c) 2023 Mai Salem Alharsan, Amal Ismael Abdelhafez
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2023-12-132023-12-132219120310.33546/joha.3020Short-term evaluation of the AIDET communication framework at a tertiary teaching hospital in Ghana
https://www.belitungraya.org/BRP/index.php/joha/article/view/2934
<p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Background:</strong> Effective communication is crucial for health professionals who engage with patients daily. The AIDET (Acknowledge, Introduce, Duration, Explanation, and Thank you) communication framework can facilitate the attainment of patient-centered care by ensuring that clinical staff establish effective communication and interaction with patients.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Objective:</strong> This study aimed to assess the impact of the AIDET communication framework on improving patient satisfaction with healthcare services.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Methods:</strong> A two-group posttest design was employed to evaluate the short-term outcomes of AIDET in enhancing patient satisfaction scores and health worker-patient communication in Ghana. A modified AIDET tool and three components of the PSQ-III instrument (comprising communication, interpersonal interaction, and time) were administered to patients without AIDET experience (comparison group) from February to March 2021 and patients with AIDET experience (intervention group) from November 2021 to January 2022, following AIDET training intervention conducted from April to October 2021. Data analysis included the computation of frequencies, means (SD), and independent <em>t</em>-tests.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Results:</strong> Patients without AIDET experience viewed the importance of AIDET at 81.6%, compared to 96.6% for patients with AIDET experience. Overall, patients were not satisfied with all PSQ-III components combined. However, more than 80% of patients reported satisfaction with the time component of the PSQ-III, with a higher proportion (90.8%) for the intervention group. The patients in the intervention group rated the importance of AIDET significantly higher (48.51 ± 5.79) compared to patients in the comparison group (41.98 ± 6.53), with a mean difference of 6.53 (95% CI = -7.867 - 5.184; SD ±0.68; <em>p</em> <0.001).</p> <p><strong>Conclusion:</strong><span style="font-weight: 400;"> The use of AIDET in communicating with patients and their relatives is well-positioned to assist health facilities in achieving higher patient satisfaction scores and positive patient outcomes. However, the study revealed that using AIDET may not yield all positive outcomes in the short term.</span></p>Justice Kwesi BaahDzidzor FiaseFrancis KyereboahGeorge KyeiNana Adwoa Konadu Dsane
Copyright (c) 2023 Justice Baah, Dzidzor Fiase, Francis Kyereboah, George Kyei, Nana Adwoa Konadu Dsane
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2023-12-132023-12-132220421710.33546/joha.2934Thailand’s mental health system: From tradition to modernity
https://www.belitungraya.org/BRP/index.php/joha/article/view/2866
<p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Objective:</strong> This article aims to explore the intricate journey by examining key historical milestones, existing challenges, and potential future directions in Thai mental health care.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Methods:</strong> A narrative review approach was employed, utilizing diverse sources such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Thai libraries. Information collected in 2023 is presented descriptively, chronicling Thailand’s evolution in mental health.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Results:</strong> Across centuries, Thailand’s mental health history unveils an early acknowledgment of mental health issues during the Sukhothai Kingdom. Traditional healing methods rooted in Buddhism and herbal remedies characterized ancient Thai societies. The shift to Western influence under King Rama V initiated the first mental hospital, integrating traditional Thai and Western medical practices. Thailand’s contemporary era witnessed substantial progress in mental health initiatives, including legislative reforms, community-based care, and efforts addressing specific demographic challenges. However, pressing issues persist, including a surge in mental health issues, alarming dementia rates, and professional burnout.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>Conclusion:</strong><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Thailand’s mental health system shows a transformative journey from spiritual interpretations to Western integration and a current globalized approach. Despite remarkable progress, the nation faces critical challenges. The National Mental Health Development Plan (2018-2037) outlines a comprehensive strategy focusing on prevention, improved services, education, innovation, and regulatory support.</span></p>Jutharat Thongsalab
Copyright (c) 2023 Jutharat Thongsalab
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2023-12-132023-12-132221822710.33546/joha.2866